Abstract: For many years, this was a challenge to produce realistic virtual crowds for special effects in movies. Now, there is a new challenge: the production of real-time autonomous Virtual Crowds. Real-time crowds are necessary for games, VR systems for training and simulation and crowds in Augmented Reality applications. Autonomy is the only way to create believable crowds reacting to events in real-time. This paper will present state-of-the-art techniques and methods.